GLOBAL WARMING

GLOBAL WARMING

            Global warming means that the average temperature rising process - the atmosphere, oceans, and land earth. Increasing the temperature causes the earth was hotter and during the day we feel so excessive heat. With the global warming, a lot of damage to be caused, not only one but can reach the entire structure is in the earth itself. The increase in temperature of the earth is probably caused by increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases resulting from the actions and activities of the man himself, global warming is not an issue, but an issue of government for all citizens of the earth's surface.

            Warning of rising global temperatures will lead to changes - such as changes in the weather cause extreme and raise sea levels are high. It also can lead to many endangered animals and affect the agricultural products that exist on earth. There are a lot of actions undertaken by humans without them knowing that they are doing may harm the earth. And most of them only think about profit and not think about the costs that can be generated role in the long term

            According http://artikeltentangglobalwarming.blogspot.com/ (2011; 09) "global average temperature at Earth's surface has increased by 0.74 ° C ± 0:18 (1:33 ± 0:32 ° F) over the last hundred years. Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) concluded that, "the majority of the increase in global average temperatures since the mid-20th century, most likely caused by increased concentrations of greenhouse gases due to human activities" through the greenhouse effect. These basic conclusions have been put forward by at least 30 scientific and academic bodies, including all national science academies of the G8 countries. However, there are still some scientists who do not agree with some of the conclusions of the IPCC stated "

            Climate models referenced by the IPCC project shows global surface temperature will increase by 1.1 to 6.4 ° C (2.0 to 11.5 ° F) between 1990 and 2100. The difference in estimates was caused by the use of different scenarios on the emissions of greenhouse gases in the future, as well as models with differing climate sensitivity. Although most research has focused on the period up to 2100, warming and sea level rise is expected to continue for more than a thousand years even if greenhouse gas emission levels have stabilized. This reflects the large heat capacity of the oceans.

            According to Compass (2015; 21) "New Mexico Solar Energy Association, the United States Global warming is the increase in temperature / average temperature of the earth's surface as a result of the greenhouse effect. The greenhouse effect itself is an event where trapping heat in the earth because of blocked gas emissions such as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere due to emissions of motor vehicles, factory pollution and forest fires "

            According to Compass (2015: 21) "The National Wildlife Federation global mean warming in its official website as the event that is increasingly hot, increasingly heavy rains and floods, more intense storms and droughts are increasingly becoming. Such events are a real impact caused by global warming. Global warming also changed the landscape of life on and off many species "

            Are often asked by most people, whether it is a dangerous global warning? My answer: Of course, global warming is very dangerous, because with the increasing average temperature of our planet will cause a change of temperature very extreme, and are compounded by the possibility of ice at the north and south poles will melt. If if the north and south polar ice melts, can be guessed which country will be the first time sink. Archipelagic country like Indonesia is very vulnerable to easily sink up to Indonesia has many small islands that are likely to sink. Not only was the weather changes extreme sometimes also cause a variety of new diseases not previously exist on earth.

            The global warming process, the process starts from sunlight shining on the earth, some of the heat is absorbed by the earth and partly returned to the air (atmosphere). Sunlight that is returned to the air trapped by the gases that exist in atmosphere like carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, methane, water vapor and so forth which these events greenhouse effect.

            Solar radiation in the Earth's atmosphere causes ozone layer depleting and this makes the sun is shining on the Earth is getting hotter. The greenhouse effect also causes the sunlight reflected back into space to earth. This is causing the earth's increasingly hot. And that is the process of global warming.

            Negative impact of recent global warming for human health: infectious diseases,

Infectious diseases are dangerous for Indonesia is anthrax, dengue fever, chikungunya fever, diarrhea, filiariasis, bird flu, flu Singapore, hepatitis, leptospirosis, malaria and many more. Respiratory failure in humans, Since the temperature extreme heat, it could disrupt the respiratory tract. This can be caused from dust that volume will be much if summer arrives. And it can make asthma or shortness of breath for humans.

            The number of skin diseases emerge, dry skin due to dehydration of the body can also occur as a result of global warming. Sweat is kept out, because the work activity if not replaced will cause skin disease, so at least skin dry, itchy and many skin diseases that could arise. Headaches that led Stroke disease, there are some people who can not get hot, let alone hot with high temperatures, at normal temperature can be recurrent headaches. And usually when it's a headache, the next effect is stress, as stress will come again next disease that is more severe, such as stroke.

            Eye diseases such as cataracts, thinning of the ozone layer as a result of the impact of global warming or global warming, diseases that can happen to humans is cataract and turbulence on the eye. So it was not just cigarette smoke that could lead to cataracts, high solar heat also has power. Heart Disease Due to Air Pollution, Air pollution is already inevitable due to global warming, the heart can be a target because the air is unhealthy to breathe. Maybe it stems from respiratory and fled to the heart.

            The Impact of Global Warming many very adverse impact generated and perceived by all living creatures on earth because of global warming or global warming are increasingly rising. There are impacts for life is: the longer the earth's surface temperature will be more extreme, sea levels worldwide would rise, many droughts and crop failures worldwide.

            How to cope with global warming (global warming) is not to cut down trees carelessly, reducing the use of private vehicles, switching from oil-fueled vehicles with fuel vehicles natural and environmentally friendly, turn off the lights during the day, using energy-saving lamps, replant forests that have been bald, and build a house with enough fentilasi.

            Global warning that is currently happening not just happen. All of this has a reason and that we should look for what is the reason of global warming, how to stop and how to prevent it happen again in the future. Humans have caused increased amount of carbon dioxide, but from the day-to day the number of trees that can absorb carbon dioxide decreases. Supposing we increase the amount of carbon dioxide, but we reduce materials that can remove carbon dioxide. Start now or never at all, planting trees around your home and conserve energy while you can save money because it came times when energy is expensive and can not be frugal.

Learning English

English courses in LPIA

            In September 2014, I was looking for - looking for a English language courses to smooth my way of speaking English now many English language course as LPIA, PRIMAGAMA, CAMBRIDGE, LIA etc. I see and seek to know the advantages and disadvantages of each - each institution and I am more interested in the LPIA because LPIA I think is very qualified, established since 1990 and already has a lot of experience in the field of English language courses, was very strategic location not far from home. Mid-September I went to LPIA to fill out forms and enroll as a new student at the course. Having been followed and completed the administrative requirements at that time I enrolled as a freshman at LPIA.

            End of September I started attending classes at LPIA conversation 1, one class contains only 8 people. Self-introduction at the beginning of the meeting only from teachers and students or pupils to pupils to be more familiar and getting to know one another in addition to introducing ourselves, we also discussed about the day and time les finally set in only 2 times a week ie Monday and Thursday, starting time 7pm finished around 9pm. Like most institutions of other courses of study time is only 2 hours and the time before class rise only 3 months each successive grade dapet certificate of LPIA. Employees at LPIA is also very good, smiling, familiarizing themselves to their students. And at the end of the meeting the students get the book "English Conversation 1".

            The next meeting I started familiar themselves to other friends, they are very friendly and humorous. Early learning we start with very basic stuff about the English language, our teachers always with always patiently taught his students that the children do not understand. He always made the grade to be crowded, there is always a cool and games on each end of the meeting with the students of the premises so others do not feel awkward and classroom atmosphere to be happy. Before getting out of the classro=[om and go home we all exchanged telephone numbers and pin BB as well as our teachers to maintain mutual familiarity.

            A month has passed to study a course at LPIA, the knowledge I can here very much even though it is so short learning time. I was also learning how to speak English well although I have not fluent in English but a friend and my teacher was very patient with me. If there is a task of the English language that I do not understand the father conjunction with pleasure, she helps me to accomplish a given task.

            And do not feel already 3 months my friend and a friend attend classes one at LPIA this conversation, in the last week before the exam grade increment father jo give grating for the exam. We all listened carefully to what are the requirements for the exam tomorrow, and then the father jo give us all the exercises. With the given short time, we all work in accordance with our respective capabilities. Before the test class rise, the LPIA provide quiet holiday to give the best result for the exam grade. Test day arrived we all got in classes that have been determined by the team committee LPIA and were given just 90 minutes of classroom atmosphere silence, friends and work in peace time runs out and the bell was sounded, and tomorrow it in show values ​​and obtain a certificate of LPIA , A few of my stories about the experience of learning English in LPIA

Passive Voice

Tugas

Bahasa Inggris Bisnis 2

            Nama              : Amalia Nursyahfitri

            Npm                : 10211647

            Kelas               : 4EA18

PASSIVE VOICE

            Passive voice is the subject of passive sentences are subject to employment or the verb beginning with "in / ter". In Indonesian, no change in changing the active sentence (active) into the passive voice (passive voice).

Here is how to create passive voice sentences :

1.      The verb in the sentence should be a transitive verb active (requiring object).

2.      Object active sentence becomes the subject of passive sentences (reversed).

3.      Subject active sentences into the passive voice by the object.

4.      Using the basic pattern Auxiliary / tobe + Verb 3

·         The passive voice always use the V-3

·         Before the V-3 must be given to be

·         If the subject in the form of questions to be placed after the first one.

Example          : He cries everyday 

Study the following possible word orders for passive voice.

1.      Simple Present Tense

Simple Present tense

S + tobe (is, am, are) + V-3

Example :

Active                         : My mother always cleans the floor every morning.

Passive            : The floor is always cleaned by my mother every morning.

            It should be noted for the auxiliary / to be her adjust to the subject of the passive sentence, not the subject of active sentence

2.      Simple Past Tense

Simple Past tense

S + tobe (was, were) + V-3

Example
Active             :  Fadhila watched the movie in the theatre last night.

Passive            : The movie was watched by Fadhila in the theatre last night.

3.      Present/Past Continuous Tense

Present/Past Continuous

S + (is, am, are) + being + V-3        (was, were)

Example :

-          Present continuous tense

Active             : They are making a rainbow cake now.

Passive            : A rainbow cake is being made by them now

Note :  Note the change tobe of acres (active voice) into iso (passive voice). Because, auxiliary / tobenya adjust to the subject of the passive sentence, not the subject of an active sentence.

-           Past continuous tense

Active                         : She was buying some books last night.

Passive            : Some books were being bought by her last night.

4.      Present/Past Perfect Tense

Present/past perfect tense

S + (have, has) + been + V-3            (had)

Example

-          Present perfect tense

Active             : The manager has interviewed some candidates

Passive            : Some candidates have been interviewed by the manager.

-          Past perfect tense

Active             : Carroll had made a good decision to leave Liverpool.

Passive            : A good decision had been made by Carroll to leave Liverpool.

5.      Modal Auxliary

Modal auxiliary*

Modals + be + V-3

*Modal auxiliary – will, shall, must, can, may (Present modal) would, should, could, might (Past modal)

Example :

Active             : Before I got an injury, I could climb Mount Rinjani.

Passive            : Before I got an injury, Mount Rinjani could be climbed by me.

Active             : She should bring her phone to call her mom.

Passive            : Her phone should be brought by her to call her mom.

Active             : They must obey the rules in this camp.

Passive            : The rules must be obeyed by them in this camp.

6.      Accusative Verb

Accusative verb*

TO BE + V-3

Various causative verb:

(Plan, Require, Allow, Want / wait, Ask, Need, Like).

Note the following accusative sentence pattern:

Active	S + accusative verb + (object) + to V-1
Passive	S + accusative verb + (object) + tobe V-3

Example
Active             : I asked my secretary to answer the call

Passive            : I asked the call to be answered by my secretary

Active             : The headmaster requires the students to use the weekly uniform

Pasisive           : The headmaster requires the weekly uniform to be used by the students

Note :  Basically, the same pattern of changes to the passive voice in general. Only, which pacified is a verb after the accusative verb (see examples in bold) there is no change in the subject and the object (reversed), the rest only change from "to answer" and "to use" (active) becomes "to be Answered" and "to be used" (passive).

Example

Active Sentences

a.       Dudi washes the car everyday

b.      They are lifting the stones

c.       I will buy a bag

d.      We sold the car last month

e.       They have painted their house blue

f.       She had posted the letter before she came here

g.      She has been reading a book for 5 house\

h.      Mirna writes a letter for her brother every month

i.        The doctor is examining the patient at the moment

j.        The rich man will sell his luxurious house to pay for his debt

Example

Passive Sentences

a.       The car is washed by dudi everyday

b.      The stones are being lifted by them

c.       a bag will be bought by me

d.      The car was sold last month

e.       The house has been painted blue by them

f.       The letter had been posted before she came here

g.      The book has been being read for 5 house

h.      a letter for mirna’s brother is written by her every month

i.        The patient is being examined by the doctor at the moment

j.        His luxurious house will be sold by the rich man to pay for his debt

SOURCE :

http://www.carabelajarbahasainggrisoke.com/2014/09/rumus-passive-voice-beserta-contoh-kalimat-dalam-bahasa-inggris.html

http://andriyani22.blogspot.com/2010/03/active-and-passive-sentence.html

My Hobby

My hobby ..

I will introduce myself, my name is Amalia Nursyahfitri. someone call me with Amalia now, I am 21 years old and I live in jakarta with her parents and brother man. I studied at university Gunadarma, the final level and I have several hobbies include: Listening to music, reading novels, cooking and see the beautiful scenery. I'll tell you about my hobby

First, I like to listen to music because music was entertainment if I feel lonely and feel a little bored or have a new song, his usual I prefer to listen to pop music than any other music genre of pop music for her because I use his rhythm feels free to put piano and guitar, and his lyrics easy to understand for the audience. however there are some musicians and pop groups Indonesia that I love like The Band, Jasmine Trias, Yovie & Nuno etc. Not only music in Indonesia alone that I like to listen to, music - music from abroad I also really like the example I like taylor swift, Beyonce, Gummy and Hyorin. I do not just listen, I also learned the language used by the singer into the Indonesian language so that I can understand the song - the song

Second, meembaca novels so my second hobby in empty waiting time lecturer or alone in a public place because it is the form of prose novels longer than a short story. And tells the person's life more deeply by using everyday language and discusses many human lives, I can imagine if I read the novel. There are several collections of novels ranging from Goat, Paper Boat, Warriors of the rainbow and the author of my favorite novels Radtya Dika, Dee Lestari, Tere Liye etc. Reading novels is also no benefit that first it may improve the ability to recognize themselves and others why? Because a person's ability to recognize and self-confidence, also can understand that others may have think the way, the willingness dab view different way, fiction readers will be able to see things from another's perspective and better able to empathize.

Thirdly, like many other women cooking is one hobby at the weekends and spare time at home, along with my mom often experimented cooking that my mother and I have never done and have never cooked before, it is interesting because it can increase knowledge and creativity in myself. Start of Indonesian cuisine or try a variety of my country. If I had mastered a variety of dishes, I want to open my own business

Fourth, look at the beautiful scenery of the last of my hobby. There I feel calm and comfortable when being outdoors, lots of fresh air that I can if it is there. Once a month and ended my week with friends - friends visit there to gather and relax the mind during routine activities for 5 days. there is not just gather and chat, but both burning foods such as grilled corn, grilled fish, grilled chicken etc while in the music accompanied by a clever friend of mine who played guitar. The most thing I wait wait is when the arrival time of the morning when I can breathe fresh air, cold morning and if it enters the afternoon I can see the fog descending from the summit of the mountains was beautiful and I can not feel if I were in Jakarta.

Thus the explanation of some of my hobbies if there is a mistake or do not like to beg pardon

Thank you

BAB 14 KASUS KASUS

 BAB 14

KASUS KASUS

1. Kasus BUMN

                Pengalihan biaya BBM bersubsidi . Penjelasan: minyak pasokan yg di beri pemerintah di setiap galon pertamin di indonesiasudah susah di dapat, misalnya pedagang kecil membeli minyak tersebut memakai jerigen, mengisi tangki mobil secara berulang2 dalam satu mobil untuk berdagang di rumahnya agar mendapatkan minyak yg banyak , Analisa yg harus di perketat adalah keadilan dan kerjasama yg menjunjung kinerja di Indonesia

2. Kasus Merger

                Merger Bank CIMB. Merupakan kasus merger yang terjadi pada Bank Niaga dan Bank Lippo. Bank Niaga didirikan pada 26 September 1955, dan saat ini lnerupakan bank ke-7 terbesar di Indonesia berdasarkan aset serta ke-2 terbesar di segmen Kredit Kepemilikan Rumah dengan pangsa pasar sekitar 9-10%. Bumiputra-Commerce Holdings Rerhad (BCHB) memegang kepemilikan mayoritas sejak 25 November2002, kemudian dialihkan kepada CIMB Group, anak perusahaan yang dimiliki sepenuhnya oleh RCHB, pada 16 Agustus 2007. Bank Lippo didirikan pada bulan Maret 1948. Menyusul merger dengan PT Bank Unium Asia. Bank Lippo mencatatkan sahamnva di Bursa Efek pada November 1989. Pemerintah RI menjadi pemegang sahaln mayoritas di Bank Lippo melalui program rekapitalisasi yang dilaksanakan pada 28 Mei 1999. Pada tanggal 30 September 2005, setelah memperoleh persetu-iuan Bank Indonesia, Khazanah IVasional Berhad mengakuisisi kepemilikan mayoritas di Bank Lippo.

                PT. Bank CTMB Niaga-Tbk berdiri pada tanggal 1 November 2008. PT. Bank CIMB Niaga merupakan hasil merger antara PT. Bank Niaga (Persero) Tbk dengan PT. Bank Lippo (Persero) Tbk. Proses merger dilakukan dengan cara Commerce International Merchant Bankers (CIMB) Group membeli 51 persen saham Bank Lippo yang dimiliki oleh Santubong Ventures. anak usaha dari Khazanah. Khazanah sendiri adalah perusahaan besar dibidang keuangan asal Malaysia. Total pembelian saham Bank Lippo oleh CIMB Group Rp 5,9 triliun atau setara 2.1 miliar ringgit Malaysia.

                Sebagai gantinya Khzanah akan memperoleh 207,l Juta lembar saham baru di Bank Bumlputera - Commerce Holding Berhard (BCHB) yakni perusahan pemilik CIMB Group. Seluruh saham Bank Lippo akan ditukar menjadi sahani Rank Niaga dengan rasio 2,822 saham Bank Niaga per I lembar saham Bank Lippo. Seluruh asset dan kewajiban Bank Lippo akan dialihkan ke Bank Niaga. Dalam proses merger tersebut CIMB menawarkan fasilitas voluntary dan standby facility yang memungkinkan pemegang saham minoritas dikedua bank untuk melepas saham mereka dan tidak berpartisipasi dalam proses merger.

3. Kasus Akuisisi

                Aqua yang diakuisisi Danone. Contoh pertama dari kasus akuisisi adalah Aqua yang merupakan produsen air minum dalam kemasan terbesar di Indonesia. Dimana merek Aqua sudah identik dengan air minum. Dimana ketika seseorang hendak menebut air minum. Mereka lebih cenderung mengatakan Aqua meskipun sebenarnya mereknya berbeda.

                Aqua adalah sebuah merek air minum dalam kemasan (AMDK) yang diproduksi oleh Aqua Golden Mississipi di Indonesia sejak tahun 1973. Selain di Indonesia, Aqua juga dijual di Singapura. Aqua adalah merek AMDK dengan penjualan terbesar di Indonesiadan merupakan salah satu merek AMDK yang paling terkenal di Indonesia, sehingga telah menjadi seperti merek generik untuk AMDK. Di Indonesia, terdapat 14 pabrik yang memroduksi Aqua. Pada tahun 1998, karena ketatnya persaingan dan munculnya pesaing-pesaing baru, Lisa Tirto sebagai pemilik Aqua Golden Mississipi sepeninggal ayahnya Tirto Utomo, menjual sahamnya kepada Danone pada 4 September 1998.

                Akusisi tersebut dianggap tepat setelah beberapa cara pengembangan tidak cukup kuat menyelamatkan Aqua dari ancaman pesaing baru. Langkah ini berdampak pada peningkatan kualitas produk dan menempatkan AQUA sebagai produsen air mineral dalam kemasan (AMDK) yang terbesar di Indonesia. Pada tahun 2000, bertepatan dengan pergantian milenium, Aqua meluncurkan produk berlabel Danone-Aqua. Pasca Akuisisi DANONE meningkatkan kepemilikan saham di PT Tirta Investama dari 40 % menjadi 74 %, sehingga Danone kemudian menjadi pemegang saham mayoritas Aqua Group.

4. Kasus Tender

                Kasus dugaan persekongkolan tender KTP elektronik (e-KTP) di Kementerian Dalam Negeri (Kemendagri) masih disidangkan  di Komisi Pengawas Persaingan Usaha (KPPU).Konsorsium Percetakan Negara Republik Indonesia (PNRI) pun meminta agar majelis hakim KPPU dapat memberikan keputusan yang adil, benar, dan obyektif terkait kasus itu. Menurut Kuasa Hukum PNRI Jimmy Simanjuntak, jika tidak dilakukan secara adil, maka PNRI akan siap melakukan upaya hukum lanjutan, baik mengajukan banding maupun memeroses secara pidana. 

                "Tolong, majelis komisi yang akan memutuskan perkara ini, putuslah secara obyektif, jangan ada pengaruh dari pihak manapun," ujar Jimmy Simanjuntak dalam keterangan persnya kepada wartawan di Jakarta, Rabu (3/10/2012).Menurut Jimmy, dari seluruh proses persidangan yang telah berlangsung di KPPU selama ini, pihak investigator secara jelas telah gagal dan tidak dapat membuktikan dugaan persekongkolan dalam tender e-KTP seperti yang dilaporkan. Pihak investigator juga telah gagal menghadirkan saksi-saksi penting yang bisa memperjelas persoalan dugaan persekongkolan tersebut.

                Dalam persidangan itu, lanjut Jimmy, berbagai keterangan dan dokumen palsu diajukan oleh investigator. Selama ini pihak investigator menjadikan bukti dokumen berupa email-email yang tak dapat dipertanggungjawabkan kebenaran isinya dan telah dibantah sendiri oleh pihak pelapor, dalam hal ini konsorsium Lintas Peruri sebagai pihak yang kalah dalam tender di Kemendagri beberapa waktu lalu.  "Kalau keterangan dan dokumen palsu dari pihak investigator itu turut dijadikan pertimbangan oleh majelis komisi dalam menghukum terlapor, maka kami akan siap melakukan banding sekaligus melaporkan kasus keterangan palsu dan dokumen palsu ini kepada pihak kepolisian," katanya.

                Dugaan persekongkolan tender e-KTP sendiri, tambah Jimmy, bermula dari adanya laporan ke KPPU yang menduga adanya persekongkolan antara panitia lelang selaku terlapor I, konsorsium PNRI selaku terlapor II, dan konsorsium astagraphia selaku terlapor III.  Pihak terlapor diduga telah melanggar Pasal 22 UU Nomo 5 Tahun 1999 tentang Larangan Praktek Monopoli dan Persaingan Usaha Tidak Sehat. Namun, hingga usai persidangan beberapa waktu lalu, dugaan persekongkolan ini sama sekali tidak bisa dibuktikan oleh pihak investigator, maupun KPPU.

                Awal Oktober lalu, pihak konsorsium PNRI sendiri telah memberikan dokumen kesimpulan perkara terhadap seluruh proses persidangan kepada majelis komisi sebagai bahan pertimbangan.

                "Kemarin tanggal 1 Oktober semua pihak terkait sudah memasukkan kesimpula perkara, kami juga belum tahu kapan kasus ini akan diputuskan oleh majelis, tapi berdasarkan ketentuan UU diperkirakan paling lambat 31 Oktober harus sudah ada putusan atas kasus ini," tandasnya.

                Sementara itu, Kuasa Hukum terlapor I dari Dukcapil Kemendagri Soedoro Soertinggo mengatakan, belum dapat mengambil keputusan apakah pihaknya akan melakukan keberatan atas dugaan tersebut. Pihaknya memunggu keputusan majelis komisi setelah 30 hari kasus itu di putuskan.

"Namun, pihak terlapor bisa ajukan keberatan ke pengadilan negeri selama 14 hari," ujarnya.

                Menurut dia, dugaan persengkongkolan tersebut, tidak jelas. Sebab, pihak pelapor yakni lintas peruri sejak dibentuk konsorsium pemenangan tender e-KTP, lintas peruri sudah bubar sehingga kasus ini pelaporannya secara resmi tidak ada. Namun, disatu sisi pihak majelis komisi sampai saat ini merahasiakan pihak pelapor yang resmi. "Intinya belum bisa dikatakan pihak terlapor bersalah," katanya.

                Dia menambahkan, konsorsium KPPU seharusnya selektif dalam melakukan inverstigasi dugaan kasus ini dan jangan memaksakan apabila tidak menemukan dua alat bukti. Sebab, dari pihak tergugat dapat menjawab semua dugaan yang diajukan oleh Lintas Peruri baik dari sisi administrasi maupun tehnis. "Secara yuridis, kasus ini tidak dapat dibuktikan. Namun dari sisi non yuridis yang patut di pertanyakan," imbuhnya.

                Menanggapi hal tersebut, Menteri Dalam Negeri (Mendagri) Gamawan Fauzi membantah adanya penyelewengan dana anggaraan untuk program e-KTP tahap pertama pada tahun 2011. Dirinya menjamin negara tidak dirugikan dalam proyek senilai Rp5,9 triliun itu. "Tidak ada kerugian negara satu sen pun dalam proyek ini," tegasnya.

                Sebelumnya, Ketua Badan Pemeriksa Keuangan (BPK) Hadi Poernomo mengatakan, pihaknya menemukan adanya permasalahan dalam pengadaan e-KTP berbasis Nomor Induk Kependudukan tahun 2011. Program tersebut belum efektif, pelaksanaan pengadaan e-KTP belum sepenuhnya mematuhi Peraturan Presiden nomor 54 tahun 2010. 

                "BPK menemukan permasalahan ketidakefektifan sebanyak 16 kasus senilai Rp6,03 miliar, ketidakhematan sebanyak 3 kasus senilai Rp 605,84 juta," ujarnya. Menurut Hadi, pihaknya juga menemukan lima kasus ketidakpatuhan yang mengakibatkan indikasi kerugian negara senilai Rp 36,41 miliar dan potensi kerugian negara sebanyak tiga kasus senilai Rp 28,90 miliar.

Permaslahan disebabkan konsorsium perusahaan kontraktor e-KTP tidak dapat mematuhi jumlah pencapaian e-KTP tahun 2011 yang telah ditetapkan dalam kontrak.

http://andrisudwi.blogspot.com/2014/01/kasus-kasus.html

Bab 13 MONOPOLI

BAB 13

MONOPOLI

1. MonopolI

                Secara etimologi, kata “monopoli” berasal dari kata Yunani ‘Monos’ yang berarti sendiri dan ‘Polein’ yang berarti penjual. Dari akar kata tersebut secara sederhana orang lantas memberi pengertian monopli sebagai suatu kondisi dimana hanya ada satu penjual yang menawarkan (supply) suatu barang atau jasa tertentu.

                Jadi Monopoli adalah suatu situasi dalam pasar dimana hanya ada satu atau segelintir perusahaan yang menjual produk atau komoditas tertentu yang tidak punya pengganti yang mirip dan ada hambatan bagi perusahaan atau pengusaha lain untuk masuk dalam bidan industri atau bisnis tersebut. Dengan kata lain, pasar dikuasai oleh satu atau segelintir perusahaan, sementara pihak lain sulit masuk didalamnya.
Contoh kasus monopoli yang dilakukan oleh PT. Pertamina adalah :

-          Fungsi PT. Pertamina sebagai pengkilang, distribusi, dan penjual minyak dan Swasta diizinkan berpartisipasi dalam upaya pengkilangan minyak tetapi dalam menentukan harga minyak yang di jual kepada masyarakat tetap ditentukan oleh PT. Pertamina sendiri.

-          Terjadinya krisis minyak yang di akibatkan oleh PT. Pertamina karena menaikan harga bahan bakar minyak premium di semua wilayah indonesia pada tahun 2009.  PT. Pertamina pun melakukan kesalahan menaikan harga bahan bakar minyak premium tetapi masih banyak daerah – daerah terpencil yang kebetuhan minyaknya tidak terpenuhi  dan sering juga terjadi kelangkaan Bahan Bakar Minyak. Ini menyebabkan kerugian bagi masyarakat dari kalangan bawah hingga atas dan investor pun enggan untuk berinvestasi.

2. Oligopoli

                Oligopoli adalah suatu bentuk pasar dimana terdapat dominasi sejumlah pemasok dan penjual. Pada kenyataannya, Sistem oligopoli yang ada, memiliki konsentrasi pasar yang tinggi. Hal ini menunjukkan bahwa persentase yang besar dari pasar Oligopoli ditempati oleh perusahaan-perusahaan komersial negara terkemuka. Perusahaan-perusahaan ini membutuhkan perencanaan strategis untuk mempertimbangkan reaksi dari pesaing lain yang ada di pasar. Oligopoli dalam praktek pasar bebas, sangat menguntungkan para pemilik modal yang banyak. Pasar oligopoli adalah suatu bentuk interaksi permintaan dengan penawaran dimana terdapat penjual/produsen yang menguasai permintaan pasar.

3. Suap

                Suap adalah suatu tindakan dengan memberikan sejumlah uang atau barang atau perjanjian khusus kepada seseorang yang mempunyai otoritas atau yang dipercaya, contoh, para pejabat, dan membujuknya untuk merubah otoritasnya demi keuntungan orang yang memberikan uang atau barang atau perjanjian lainnya sebagai kompensasi sesuatu yang dia inginkan untuk menutupi tuntutan lainnya yang masih kurang. 

4. Undang-undang anti monopoli

                Undang-Undang Anti Monopoli No 5 Tahun 1999 memberi arti kepada monopolis sebagai suatu penguasaan atas produksi dan atau pemasaran barang dan atau atas penggunaan jasa tertentu oleh satu pelaku usaha atau kelompok pelaku usaha (pasal 1 ayat (1) Undang-undagan Anti Monopoli . Sementara yang dimaksud dengan “praktek monopoli” adalah suatu pemusatan kekuatan ekonomi oleh salah satu atau lebih pelaku yang mengakibatkan dikuasainya produksi dan atau pemasaran atas barang dan atau jasa tertentu sehingga menimbulkan suatu persaingan usaha secara tidak sehat dan dapat merugikan kepentingan umum Sesuai dalam Pasal 1 ayat (2) Undang-Undang Anti Monopoli.

5. Kasus pada berbagai struktur pasar

                Contoh kasus dari struktur pasar adalah berdirinya pasar modern (super market) disekitas pasar tradisional. Disini termasuk kedalam pasar monopoloistis yang artinya didalam pasar ini terdapat banyak produsen yang menghasilkan barang serupa tapi tetap memiliki perbedaan. Dari kasus ini konsumen lebih memilih untuk berbelanja dipasar modern tersebut, hingga membuat para produsen mengalamai penurunan penghasilan. Kalau dilihat mengapa terjadi seperti itu, bisa dikarenakan konsumen lebih memilih tempat yang lebih nyaman untuk mereka berbelanja walaupun mungkin harga produknya sedikit lebih mahal. Tapi ini semua tergantung dari selera konsumen, tidak semua konsumen nyaman dengan berbelanja dipasar modern, begitu juga sebaliknya.

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